分割模型在医疗域中的可靠性取决于模型对输入空间中扰动的鲁棒性。鲁棒性是在医学成像中的特殊挑战，展示了各种图像噪声，腐败和域转移的来源。通常通过模拟异质环境来尝试获得鲁棒性，要么以数据增强的形式进行启发，要么通过学习以对抗性方式产生特定的扰动。我们提出并证明在低维嵌入空间中学习离散表示可以改善分割模型的鲁棒性。这是通过称为矢量定量的字典学习方法来实现的。我们使用一组设计的实验来分析域移位和输入空间中的噪声扰动下的潜在和输出空间的鲁棒性。我们适应流行的UNET架构，在瓶颈中插入一个定量块。我们证明了在三个分割任务上的分段准确性和更好的鲁棒性。代码可在\ url {https://github.com/ainkaransanthi/vector-quantisation-for-robust-mentegation}中获得。

当前的大多数解释性技术都集中在捕获输入空间中特征的重要性。但是，鉴于模型和数据生成过程的复杂性，由此产生的解释远非“完整”，因为它们缺乏特征相互作用和可视化其“效应”的指示。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个新颖的双流式解释性框架，以解释任何基于CNN的图像分类器（架构不考虑）做出的决定。为此，我们首先将潜在特征从分类器中解开，然后将这些功能与观察到的/人为定义的“上下文”功能保持一致。这些对齐特征形成了具有语义上有意义的概念，用于提取描述“感知”数据生成过程的因果图，描述了未观察到的潜在特征和观察到的“上下文”特征之间的功能间和内部内部和内部内部相互作用。该因果图是一个全局模型，可以从中提取不同形式的局部解释。具体而言，我们提供了一个生成器来可视化潜在空间中特征之间交互的“效果”，并从其作为局部解释中提取特征的重要性。我们的框架利用对抗性知识蒸馏来忠实地从分类器的潜在空间中学习表示形式，并将其用于提取视觉解释。我们使用带有附加正规化术语的stylegan-v2体系结构来执行分解和对齐。我们证明并评估了通过关于Morpho-Mnist和FFHQ人脸数据集获得的解释。我们的框架可在\ url {https://github.com/koriavinash1/glance-explanations}上获得。

\ emph {black-box}模型的说明有助于我们了解模型决策，并提供有关模型偏见和不一致之处的信息。当前的大多数解释性技术通常就特征重要性得分或输入空间中的特征注意图提供了单一的解释。我们的重点是从细粒度到完全抽象的解释中解释\ emph {多个级别的抽象}处的深层歧视模型。我们通过使用\ emph {双曲几何}的自然特性来更有效地对符号特征的层次结构进行建模，并生成\ emph {层次结构符号规则}作为解释的一部分。具体而言，对于任何给定的深层歧视模型，我们通过使用矢量定量对连续的潜在空间的离散化来提炼基础知识，以形成符号，然后是\ emph {双曲线推理块}，以诱导\ emph {抽象{抽象树}。我们遍历树以根据符号规则及其相应的视觉语义提取解释。我们证明了我们方法对MNIST和AFHQ高分辨率动物面孔数据集的有效性。我们的框架可在\ url {https://github.com/koriavinash1/symbolicinterpretability}中获得。

Recently, e-scooter-involved crashes have increased significantly but little information is available about the behaviors of on-road e-scooter riders. Most existing e-scooter crash research was based on retrospectively descriptive media reports, emergency room patient records, and crash reports. This paper presents a naturalistic driving study with a focus on e-scooter and vehicle encounters. The goal is to quantitatively measure the behaviors of e-scooter riders in different encounters to help facilitate crash scenario modeling, baseline behavior modeling, and the potential future development of in-vehicle mitigation algorithms. The data was collected using an instrumented vehicle and an e-scooter rider wearable system, respectively. A three-step data analysis process is developed. First, semi-automatic data labeling extracts e-scooter rider images and non-rider human images in similar environments to train an e-scooter-rider classifier. Then, a multi-step scene reconstruction pipeline generates vehicle and e-scooter trajectories in all encounters. The final step is to model e-scooter rider behaviors and e-scooter-vehicle encounter scenarios. A total of 500 vehicle to e-scooter interactions are analyzed. The variables pertaining to the same are also discussed in this paper.

As one of the most popular micro-mobility options, e-scooters are spreading in hundreds of big cities and college towns in the US and worldwide. In the meantime, e-scooters are also posing new challenges to traffic safety. In general, e-scooters are suggested to be ridden in bike lanes/sidewalks or share the road with cars at the maximum speed of about 15-20 mph, which is more flexible and much faster than the pedestrains and bicyclists. These features make e-scooters challenging for human drivers, pedestrians, vehicle active safety modules, and self-driving modules to see and interact. To study this new mobility option and address e-scooter riders' and other road users' safety concerns, this paper proposes a wearable data collection system for investigating the micro-level e-Scooter motion behavior in a Naturalistic road environment. An e-Scooter-based data acquisition system has been developed by integrating LiDAR, cameras, and GPS using the robot operating system (ROS). Software frameworks are developed to support hardware interfaces, sensor operation, sensor synchronization, and data saving. The integrated system can collect data continuously for hours, meeting all the requirements including calibration accuracy and capability of collecting the vehicle and e-Scooter encountering data.

In this paper, we propose SceNDD: a scenario-based naturalistic driving dataset that is built upon data collected from an instrumented vehicle in downtown Indianapolis. The data collection was completed in 68 driving sessions with different drivers, where each session lasted about 20--40 minutes. The main goal of creating this dataset is to provide the research community with real driving scenarios that have diverse trajectories and driving behaviors. The dataset contains ego-vehicle's waypoints, velocity, yaw angle, as well as non-ego actor's waypoints, velocity, yaw angle, entry-time, and exit-time. Certain flexibility is provided to users so that actors, sensors, lanes, roads, and obstacles can be added to the existing scenarios. We used a Joint Probabilistic Data Association (JPDA) tracker to detect non-ego vehicles on the road. We present some preliminary results of the proposed dataset and a few applications associated with it. The complete dataset is expected to be released by early 2023.

Problem statement: Standardisation of AI fairness rules and benchmarks is challenging because AI fairness and other ethical requirements depend on multiple factors such as context, use case, type of the AI system, and so on. In this paper, we elaborate that the AI system is prone to biases at every stage of its lifecycle, from inception to its usage, and that all stages require due attention for mitigating AI bias. We need a standardised approach to handle AI fairness at every stage. Gap analysis: While AI fairness is a hot research topic, a holistic strategy for AI fairness is generally missing. Most researchers focus only on a few facets of AI model-building. Peer review shows excessive focus on biases in the datasets, fairness metrics, and algorithmic bias. In the process, other aspects affecting AI fairness get ignored. The solution proposed: We propose a comprehensive approach in the form of a novel seven-layer model, inspired by the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model, to standardise AI fairness handling. Despite the differences in the various aspects, most AI systems have similar model-building stages. The proposed model splits the AI system lifecycle into seven abstraction layers, each corresponding to a well-defined AI model-building or usage stage. We also provide checklists for each layer and deliberate on potential sources of bias in each layer and their mitigation methodologies. This work will facilitate layer-wise standardisation of AI fairness rules and benchmarking parameters.

When answering natural language questions over knowledge bases (KBs), incompleteness in the KB can naturally lead to many questions being unanswerable. While answerability has been explored in other QA settings, it has not been studied for QA over knowledge bases (KBQA). We first identify various forms of KB incompleteness that can result in a question being unanswerable. We then propose GrailQAbility, a new benchmark dataset, which systematically modifies GrailQA (a popular KBQA dataset) to represent all these incompleteness issues. Testing two state-of-the-art KBQA models (trained on original GrailQA as well as our GrailQAbility), we find that both models struggle to detect unanswerable questions, or sometimes detect them for the wrong reasons. Consequently, both models suffer significant loss in performance, underscoring the need for further research in making KBQA systems robust to unanswerability.

The exercise of detecting similar bug reports in bug tracking systems is known as duplicate bug report detection. Having prior knowledge of a bug report's existence reduces efforts put into debugging problems and identifying the root cause. Rule and Query-based solutions recommend a long list of potential similar bug reports with no clear ranking. In addition, triage engineers are less motivated to spend time going through an extensive list. Consequently, this deters the use of duplicate bug report retrieval solutions. In this paper, we have proposed a solution using a combination of NLP techniques. Our approach considers unstructured and structured attributes of a bug report like summary, description and severity, impacted products, platforms, categories, etc. It uses a custom data transformer, a deep neural network, and a non-generalizing machine learning method to retrieve existing identical bug reports. We have performed numerous experiments with significant data sources containing thousands of bug reports and showcased that the proposed solution achieves a high retrieval accuracy of 70% for recall@5.

We study the task of training regression models with the guarantee of label differential privacy (DP). Based on a global prior distribution on label values, which could be obtained privately, we derive a label DP randomization mechanism that is optimal under a given regression loss function. We prove that the optimal mechanism takes the form of a ``randomized response on bins'', and propose an efficient algorithm for finding the optimal bin values. We carry out a thorough experimental evaluation on several datasets demonstrating the efficacy of our algorithm.